๋ณธ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ

์ง€์‹/์˜์–ดํ•™7

๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์›Œ์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋น„์‹ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์˜์–ด๋กœ..? ํ˜ผ์„ฑ๋ฒ• Blending ์•„์นจ(breakfast)๊ฒธ ์ ์‹ฌ(lunch)๋ฅผ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์น˜(brunch)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ €๋…์„ ํ•ฉ์นœ ์‹์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ๊นŒ์š”?  ๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ(linner) ๋˜๋Š” ๋˜์น˜(dunch)๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•ด์š”. Brunch = Breakfast + lunchLinner = Lunch + DinnerDunch = Dinner + Lunch  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ linner๋‚˜ dunch๋Š” brunch์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ˆ์š”. ์˜์–ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต late lunch(๋Šฆ์€ ์ ์‹ฌ)๋‚˜ early dinner(์ด๋ฅธ ์ €๋…) ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.  ์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” brunch(์•„์ )์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์ณ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ.. 2025. 3. 11.
๋ถ€์ •์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ(negative evidence)๋Š” ์Šต๋“(acquisition)์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, "He donโ€™t like it" ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ํ›„ "์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์œผ๋‹ˆ 'He doesnโ€™t like it'์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ณ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํ•™์Šต์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ธ์–ด ์Šต๋“ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ˜„๋งŒ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ•™์Šต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ€๋ฅด.. 2025. 3. 10.
It decided to rain... ์ค€์ง€์‹œ์  it์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ quasi-referential ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ํ”ํžˆ 'ํ—ˆ์‚ฌ it (expletive it, dummy it)'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ฑ…์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต '๋น„์ธ์นญ ์ฃผ์–ด'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.)  ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,It is raining.It was sunny yesterday.  ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์˜ it์€ ์ง€์‹œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š”(non-referential) ํ—ˆ์‚ฌ(expletive)๋กœ, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ๋ฟ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ it์ด '์ค€์ง€์‹œ์ (quasi-referential)'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.   1. ์ค€์ง€์‹œ์ (quasi-referential)?  Jespersen(1924)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ 'Weather it'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 'it'์„ 'prop it'(ํ˜•์‹์ƒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” it)์œผ๋กœ.. 2025. 3. 10.
Face๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€... ๋Œ€ํ™” ์† ์ฒด๋ฉด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋ง์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์ฃ . ์ด๋•Œ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์˜ ํ™”์šฉ๋ก ์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” 'face(์ฒด๋ฉด)' ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.  'face'๋Š” Erving Goffman์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ค‘์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€(image)๋‚˜ ์ž์กด๊ฐ(self-esteem)์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, Brown & Levinson์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์ฃ .  ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ 'face'๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.  1. ์ฒด๋ฉด(Face)์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 1) ๊ธ์ •์  ์ฒด๋ฉด (Positive Face)์ •์˜: ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ .. 2025. 3. 5.
ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ์  ๊ฒฉ ํ‘œ์ง€(Exceptional Case Marking) ํ˜„์ƒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๊ณ ๊ธ‰(advanced)์ธ ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด "๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.""๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค." ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์•„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” '-๊ฐ€'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ '-๋ฅผ'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”...? ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์˜ '์˜ˆ์™ธ์  ๊ฒฉ ํ‘œ์ง€(Exceptional Case Marking; ECM)'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.     1. ์˜์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ECM ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ECM์€ ์ƒ์œ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์œ„์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด์ธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ(NP)์— ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค: a. I believe that he is intell.. 2025. 2. 28.
์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์ ‘ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ์ฑ… ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๊ถŒ ์ˆ˜์‹œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธ๊ณผ์— ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉด์ ‘ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•ด ์ค„ ์ฑ…์€ ์ด ์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”..ใ…Ž (์˜์–ดํ†ต๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•™๊ณผ๋Š” ์†”์งํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์˜์–ด๋งŒ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.)  ใ€ŽAn Introduction to Languageใ€ by Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams(์•ž ๋‘ ๋ถ„์€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹ฌ.)  ์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธ๊ณผ๋Š” [์˜์–ดํ•™] + [์˜๋ฌธํ•™]์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ณผ์ธ๋ฐ, ์˜๋ฌธํ•™์€ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌธํ•™, ์˜๋ฏธ๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹œ, ์†Œ์„ค, ์ˆ˜ํ•„ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ , ์˜์–ดํ•™์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ธ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์˜ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋ฌถ์–ด๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜๋ฌธํ•™์€ ๊ณ 1 ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์งฌ์งฌ์ด ์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ .. 2025. 2. 23.