์์ด์์ ๋ ์จ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ผ ๋ ํํ 'ํ์ฌ it (expletive it, dummy it)'์ ์ฌ์ฉํฉ๋๋ค. (ํ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ฑ ์์๋ ๋ณดํต '๋น์ธ์นญ ์ฃผ์ด'๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆ ๋๋ค.)
์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด,
- It is raining.
- It was sunny yesterday.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ฅ๋ค์ it์ ์ง์ ๋์์ด ์๋(non-referential) ํ์ฌ(expletive)๋ก, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ๋ง ์ฐจ์งํ ๋ฟ ์ค์ ๋ก ํน์ ํ ๋์์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค์ง๋ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋ค ํ์๋ค์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ it์ด '์ค์ง์์ (quasi-referential)'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ด ๋๋ค.
1. ์ค์ง์์ (quasi-referential)?
Jespersen(1924)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ดํ์๋ค์ 'Weather it'๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ 'it'์ 'prop it'(ํ์์ ํ์ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ it)์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ข ๋ ํต์ฉ๋๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ก '๋น์ง์์ (non-referential) it'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆ ๋๋ค. 'it'์ด ์ด๋ ํ ์ค์ฒด๋ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด์ฃ .
๊ทผ๋ฐ Charles Fillmore(1968)์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด 'it'์ด ์์ ํ ์๋ฏธ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์์ํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ์์ต๋๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด "It is raining."์์ 'it'์ด ํน์ ํ ๋์์ ์ง์ ์ง์นญํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋์ง๋ง, ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์ 'the weather'์ด๋ 'rain' ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค๊ณ ๋ด ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ถ์์์๋ it์ ๋น์ง์์ ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ค์ง์์ (quasi-referential)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆ ๋๋ค. 'it'์ ์์ ํ ๋ฌด์๋ฏธํ ๋น์ง์์ ํ์ฌ๋ก ๋ณด์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.
๊ทผ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํ์๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ฅ๋ง ํ ๋ฟ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋น์ฝํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์๋ฐ... ์ด๋ฒ ํฌ์คํธ์์๋ ์ ๊ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ ์ํด๋ณด๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ด๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ์์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ํํ์ธ "It decided to rain."์ ๋๋ค. ์ด ํํ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ถ์ํ ์ ์์์ง ์ดํด๋ณด๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.
2. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ ์จ ํํ์์์ it
์์ ๋งํ๋ฏ, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ์์์๋, ๋ ์จ๋ฅผ ํํํ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ it์ ๋น์ง์์ ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ด ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ฐ์ง๋ง, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง์ง ์๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ด ๋๋ค.
- It rained last night.
- It is getting colder.
์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ it์ ์์ ์ด๊ฐ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๋ ผํญ(argument) ์ญํ ์ ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋จ์ํ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ํด ์ฝ์ ๋ ํ์ฌ(expletive)๋ก ์ดํด๋ฉ๋๋ค.
3. ๋ ผํญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ(argument structure) ๋ถ์
๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด "It decided to rain."์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์์ it์ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋น์ง์์ ์ผ๊น์?
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ํต์ฌ์ 'decide'๋ผ๋ ๋์ฌ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๋ ผํญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋๋ค.
decide๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก '2๊ฐ ๋ ผํญ ๋์ฌ(two-place predicate, transitive verb)'๋ก,
1. ์์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ฒด(agent)์
2. ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ํ๋์ด๋ ๋ด์ฉ(the decision)
์ด๋ผ๋ 2๊ฐ์ ๋ ผํญ์ด ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค.
์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด,
- She decided to leave.
- They decided that we should go.
์ด์ฒ๋ผ 'decide'์ ์ฃผ์ด๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์กด์ฌ์ฌ์ผ ํ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฐ๋ผ์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
It decided to rain์์ it์ด ๋จ์ํ ํ์ฌ๋ผ๋ฉด, decide์ ๋ ผํญ ์๊ตฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ถฉ์กฑํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
4. ์์ธํ(personification)
์์ด์์๋ ๋ ์จ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฒฉํํ์ฌ ๋ง์น ์ค์ค๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ํํํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์์ต๋๋ค.
- The sun refused to come out. (ํ์์ด ๋์ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค.)
- The wind decided to be extra strong today. (์ค๋ ๋ฐ๋์ด ์ ๋ํ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค.)
์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ "It decided to rain."์์ it์ ์์ด๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ์๋ฌด๋ฐ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ, ๋ ์จ(weather)๋ ์ํฉ(situation) ๋ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋๋ช ์ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ฅ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จํ๋ฏ๋ก ์์ธํ๋ฅผ ์ํค๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ต์ํ ๋ญ๊ฐ ์ค์ฒด๋ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด์ฌ์ผ ์์ธํ๋ ํ ํ ๋ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
5. ์์ฝ
- ์์ด์์ ๋ ์จ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ it์ ๋ณดํต ์ง์ ๋์์ด ์๋(non-referential) ํ์ฌ(expletive)๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์ง๋ง
- ๋ ์จ(weather)๋ ์ํฉ(situation)์ ์ค์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ quasi-referential pronoun์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ๋ ํ์๋ค๋ ์์ต๋๋ค.
- ์ด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ํ ๋ธ๋ก๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋, "It decided to rain"์ด๋ผ๋ ํํ์ ๋๋ค. 1. 'decide'๋ ์ฃผ์ด ์๋ฆฌ์ ์์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ฒด(agent)๋ผ๋ ๋ ผํญ(argument)์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉฐ, 2. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์ฌ์ผ ์์ธํ(personification)๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ ์์์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ค.

์๋๋ ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ฉ ์์ด๋ก ์ด ๊ฒ๋๋ค..
๊ฒ์์์ง ๋ ธ์ถ ์ข ๋ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ^^;;
The Expletive "It" in Weather Expressions: Is It Really Non-Referential?
In English, the word "it" is often used as an expletive (dummy it) in weather-related expressions. For example:
- It is raining.
- It was sunny yesterday.
In these sentences, it is a non-referential expletive, meaning it occupies a grammatical slot without actually referring to any specific entity. However, some linguists argue that this it is not entirely meaningless but rather quasi-referential in nature.
1. What Is "Quasi-Referential"?
Linguists like Jespersen (1924) classified the it in "weather it" expressions as "prop it", meaning it serves a grammatical function but lacks inherent meaning. A more commonly used term for this is "non-referential it," emphasizing that it does not refer to any actual entity.
However, linguists such as Charles Fillmore (1968) have argued that it is not completely devoid of meaning. Instead, they suggest that it implicitly refers to weather conditions. For instance, in It is raining, it does not directly indicate a specific referent, but contextually, it points to something like the weather or rain. This perspective classifies it as quasi-referential rather than purely expletive, meaning it carries some conceptual significance.
Despite these claims, the evidence for this quasi-referential interpretation is often weak. In this post, I will present one compelling piece of evidence: the commonly used expression "It decided to rain." How can this be analyzed?
2. The Expletive It in Standard Weather Expressions
As mentioned earlier, the conventional analysis of it in weather expressions considers it non-referential—it fills the subject position in a sentence without contributing meaning.
Examples:
- It rained last night.
- It is getting colder.
In these cases, it does not function as an argument required by the verb; rather, it is an expletive inserted for grammatical necessity.
3. Argument Structure Analysis
Now, let's examine the sentence It decided to rain. Is it still a non-referential subject here?
The key issue lies in the verb "decide."
Decide is fundamentally a two-place predicate (transitive verb) that requires two arguments:
- An agent capable of making decisions
- The decision itself
For example:
- She decided to leave.
- They decided that we should go.
The verb decide requires a subject that has the capacity for decision-making, and it must be followed by a chosen action.
If it in It decided to rain were merely an expletive, it would fail to satisfy the argument structure requirements of decide.
4. Personification in Weather Expressions
English often personifies weather, attributing human-like intentions to natural phenomena:
- The sun refused to come out.
- The wind decided to be extra strong today.
In the same way, when native speakers use It decided to rain, they do not treat it as a meaningless placeholder. Instead, they instinctively perceive it as referring to the weather or the situation, allowing for personification. Something must exist conceptually in order for it to be personified.
5. Conclusion
- Traditionally, the it in weather expressions is considered a non-referential expletive, lacking an actual referent.
- However, some linguists argue that it is quasi-referential, subtly referring to weather or situational conditions.
- My main argument supporting this claim is the expression "It decided to rain." Since:
- Decide requires an agent as its subject, which a pure expletive cannot fulfill.
- Personification is only possible when there is a conceptual referent, which suggests that it is not entirely meaningless.